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Swallow - Wikipedia. The swallows and martins, or Hirundinidae, are a family of passerinebirds found around the world on all continents except Antarctica.
Highly adapted to aerial feeding, they have a distinctive appearance. The term Swallow is used colloquially in Europe as a synonym for the barn swallow. There are around 8. Africa, which is also thought to be where they evolved as hole- nesters. They also occur on a number of oceanic islands. A number of European and North American species are long- distance migrants; by contrast, the West and South African swallows are non- migratory.
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This family comprises two subfamilies: Pseudochelidoninae (the river martins of the genus Pseudochelidon) and Hirundininae (all other swallows and martins). Within the Old World, the name martin tends to be used for the squarer- tailed species, and the name swallow for the more fork- tailed species; however, there is no scientific distinction between these two groups.
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Their body shape allows for very efficient flight; the metabolic rate of swallows in flight is 4. Their body length ranges from about 1. The wings are long, pointed, and have nine primary feathers. The tail has 1. 2 feathers and may be deeply forked, somewhat indented, or square- ended. Swallows are capable of walking and even running, but they do so with a shuffling, waddling gait.
The structure of the syrinx is substantially different between the two subfamilies. Species which burrow or live in dry or mountainous areas are often matte brown above (e. The sexes show limited or no sexual dimorphism, with longer outer tail feathers in the adult male probably being the most common distinction. Fledged juveniles usually appear as duller versions of the adult. Distribution and habitat. One species, the Pacific swallow, occurs as a breeding bird on a number of oceanic islands in the Pacific Ocean.
They are dependent on flying insects and as these are common over waterways and lakes they will frequently feed over these, but they can be found in any open habitat including grasslands, open woodland, savanna, marshes, mangroves and scrubland, from sea level to high alpine areas. Land use changes have also caused some species to expand their range, most impressively the welcome swallow which began to colonise New Zealand in the 1. Species breeding in more tropical areas are often more sedentary, although several tropical species are partial migrants or make shorter migrations.
In antiquity it was thought that swallows hibernated in a state of torpor, even that they withdrew for the winter under water. Aristotle ascribed hibernation not only to swallows, but also to storks and kites. Hibernation of swallows was considered a possibility even by as acute an observer as Rev.
Gilbert White, in his The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne (1. Some species, like the mangrove swallow, are territorial, whereas others are not and simply defend their nesting site. In general, the males select a nest site, and then attract a female using song and flight, and (dependent on the species) guard their territory.
The size of the territory varies depending on the species of swallow; in colonial- nesting species it tends to be small, but it may be much larger for solitary nesters. Outside the breeding season, some species may form large flocks, and species may also roost communally. This is thought to provide protection from predators such as sparrowhawks and hobbies. If a human being gets too close to their territory, swallows will attack them within the perimeter of the nest. Colonial species may mob predators of humans that are too close to the colony. Individual species may be selective, they do not scoop up every insect around them, but instead select larger prey items than would be expected by random sampling. In addition to insect prey a number of species will occasionally consume fruits and other plant matter.
Species in Africa have been recorded eating the seeds of Acacia trees, and these are even fed to the young of the greater striped swallow. The flight may be fast and involve a rapid succession of turns and banks when actively chasing fast moving prey; less agile prey may be caught with a slower more leisurely flight that includes flying in circles and bursts of flapping mixed with gliding. Where several species of swallow feed together they will be separated into different niches based on height off the ground, some species feeding closer to the ground and others feeding at higher levels. Niche separation may also occur with the size of prey chosen. The mud- nesters are most common in the Old World, particularly Africa, whereas cavity- nesters are the rule in the New World. Mud nesting species in particular are limited in areas of high humidity, which causes the mud nests to crumble. Many cave, bank and cliff dwelling species of swallow nest in large colonies.
Mud nests are constructed by both males and females, and amongst the tunnel diggers the excavation duties are shared as well. In historical times, the introduction of man- made stone structures such as barns and bridges, together with forest clearance, has led to an abundance of colony sites around the globe, significantly increasing the breeding ranges of some species.
Birds living in large colonies typically have to contend with both ectoparasites and conspecific nest parasitism. Migratory species often return to the same breeding area each year, and may select the same nest site if they were previously successful in that location. First- year breeders generally select a nesting site close to where they were born and raised. Seasonal species in the subtropics or tropics are usually timed to coincide with the peaks in insect activity, which is usually the wet season, but some species like the white- bibbed swallow nest in the dry season to avoid flooding in their riverbank nesting habitat. The average clutch size is around four to five eggs in temperate areas and two to three eggs in the tropics. The incubation duties are shared in some species, in others the eggs are incubated solely by the females.
Amongst the species where the male helps with incubation the contribution varies amongst species, with some species like the cliff swallow sharing the duties equally and the female doing most of the work in others. Amongst the barn swallows the male of the American subspecies helps (to a small extent) whereas the European subspecies does not. Even in species where the male does not incubate the eggs the male may sit on them when the female is away to reduce heat loss (this is different from incubation as that involves warming the eggs, not just stopping heat loss). Incubation stints last for 5–1. From laying, swallow eggs take between 1.
The eyes are closed and do not fully open for up to 1. The feathers take a few days to begin to sprout, and the chicks are brooded by the parents until they are able to thermoregulate. On the whole they develop slowly compared to other passerine birds. The parents do not usually feed the chicks individual insects but instead a bolus of food comprising ten to a hundred insects. Regardless of whether the species has males that incubate or brood the chicks the males of all swallows and martins will help feed the chicks. It is difficult to judge when swallows and martins fledge, as they will be enticed out of the nest after three weeks by parents but frequently return to the nest afterwards in order to roost.
The songs of males are related to the body condition of the bird and are presumably used by females to judge the physical condition and suitability for mating of males. The typical song of swallows is a simple, sometimes musical twittering. Status and conservation. This is presumed to be the reason behind the decline of the critically endangeredwhite- eyed river martin, a species that is only known from a few specimens collected in Thailand.
The species presumably breeds in riverbanks, a much diminished habitat in SE Asia. As the species hasn't been reliably seen since 1. The golden swallow formerly bred on the island of Jamaica, but was last seen there in 1. Hispaniola. The barn swallow and house martin now rarely use natural sites. The purple martin is also actively encouraged by people to nest around humans and elaborate nest boxes are erected.
Enough artificial nesting sites have been created that the purple martin now seldom nests in natural cavities in the eastern part of its range. He succeeded in curbing the migratory instinct in young birds and persuaded the government of France to conduct initial testing, but further experimentation stalled.
This probably arose from the fact that swallows are land- based birds, so their appearance informs a sailor that he is close to shore. Under the Sibley- Ahlquist taxonomy they have been placed in the infraorder.
Passerida. Within the family there is a clear division between the two subfamilies, the Pseudochelidoninae which is composed of the two species of river martins, and the Hirundininae, into which the remaining 8. The division of the Hirundininae has been the source of much discussion, with various taxonomists variously splitting them into as many as 2.
There is some agreement that there are three core groups within then Hirundininae, the saw- wings of the genus Psalidoprocne, the core martins and the swallows of the genus Hirundo and their allies. Swallows and martins: an identification guide and handbook. In Josep del Hoyo; Andrew Elliott; David A. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology. Mechanisms of sexual selection. Journal of Evolutionary Biology.
American Museum Novitates. The Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Birds of the Indian Ocean Islands. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 8. Polish Polar Research. Elliott Coues, listed titles of 1. USGS: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center) .
Answers. com^Snapp, B (1. Oriental Bird Club Bulletin. Wilson Journal of Ornithology. Cambridge University Press.